Deconstructing 50 Cents The Massacre CD cover Essay Example

Deconstructing 50 Cents The Massacre CD cover Essay Selling over twenty million records worldwide, 50 Cent (Curtis Jackson) is no small identity when it comes to the music industry. He is definitely aimed at the urban audience with his rap/hip hop genre. 50 Cent lived through a life of crime in the harsh neighbourhoods of America, he states that his life revolved around sacrifice, redemption and determination.  The most striking area of the cover is 50 Cents athletic build. This is a reflection of the rap stereotypes in society today; he seems to be a modern day replica of previous rappers such as 2 Pac. This appeals to both sides of his target audience, girls and boys ages 14-19 years old. The artistic scribbles signify him being not whole or perfect. This roughness is an image adopted by the majority of rappers as none of them want to be associated with conformity. Rappers try to signify they have had a troubled background, the scribbles and his physique contrast the old and new 50 Cent. The Parental Advisory label reinforces the hard image along with his physicality. It makes the younger purchaser feel rebellious at the prospect of buying a product which will rebel against normal parental constraints. As an industry/business, the label is in keeping with the majority of rap CDs who also endorse this label.  The 50 Cent lettering shows use of graphology, the letters signify wealth as they are in gold. The gold colour stands out well against the white, blue and black, therefore very eye catching for the consumer. We will write a custom essay sample on Deconstructing 50 Cents The Massacre CD cover specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Deconstructing 50 Cents The Massacre CD cover specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Deconstructing 50 Cents The Massacre CD cover specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Massacre is presented in graffiti lettering, this is a trait of lower class activity; an image 50 Cent is trying to convey. He is representing that he is from the streets and not alienating himself from his past life but incorporating it into his new life. The phrase is shocking signifying death and murder; this morbid title provides 50 Cent with the image he wants. This is his preferred reading for the youth audience however the oppositional reading could be that he is passing on ideas for troubled youths to commit crime; a life he has left behind. The elaborate design and 50 Cents ethnic background contrasts with the harsh culture associated with rap. The white design makes the cover effeminate; appealing to the female audience. In Advertising white is symbolic for innocence and so this idea is in keeping with the feminine use of the colour in addition to the design. The guns behind the pattern enforce a large male fan base, making the cover more aesthetically pleasing and reinforce the violence of rap which cements 50 Cents hard image. The ethnic pattern is reinforcing his African American culture. The pattern is a wealthy design and so enforces the financial richness of modern rap. His jewellery, in this case the most obvious being his crucifix, signifies not only wealth buy innocence and purity; contrasting well with his criminal background. Christianity is a part of black culture and so the cross being central on both his body and cover suggests Christianity is central to his life. In addition he is showing his wealth as it is a piece of diamond jewellery. His clothing cross promotes his own clothing line and other artists in his music organisation, this branding and its association with the music entices the consumer to both identify the brand and simultaneously want to buy it; this method could be surmised as product placement. The cap and jeans are general items which are targeted at his audience show he is cool, they arent expensive items but as they are a part of his own clothing line therefore showing his wealth.  The fact he wears and supports his own brand suggests he believes in it. If his audience buy his clothing they will feel like they have something in common with 50 Cent. This is important as it establishes a vital link between artist and fan.  50 Cents image, from Rags to riches inspires young people in society today to purchase his music. I believe he has both a positive and negative representation for African American people. (He is both a popular and negative ambassador for African American music) On the positive side he is stating that it is possible for people of an African American origin to become successful in all areas of life. The negative affect however is he is stating that black people tend to be into violence and general crime which in reality is not the case, this is a stereotype he is trying to enforce. The representation of 50 Cent is phenomenal on this album cover, with sharp and concise imagery supporting this.

What Teachers Should Prepare for in a Teacher Interview

What Teachers Should Prepare for in a Teacher Interview A teacher interview can be extremely stressful for prospective teachers looking to land a new job. Interviewing for any teaching job is not an exact science. Many school districts and school administrators adopt a different methodology for conducting a teacher interview. Approaches on interviewing potential candidates vary greatly from district to district and even school to school. For this reason, potential teaching candidates need to be prepared for anything when they are granted an interview for a teaching position.   Being prepared and relaxed is critical during an interview.   Candidates should always be themselves, confident, candid, and engaging. Candidates should also come in armed with as much information as they can find about the school. They should be able to use that information to explain how they will mesh with the schools philosophy and how they can help improve the school. Finally, candidates should have their own set of questions to ask at some point because an interview presents an opportunity to see if that school is the right fit for them as well. Interviews should always be two-sided. The Interview Panel There are many different formats through which an interview can be conducted including: Single Panel – This interview will be conducted by a single person in a one-on-one setting. Most of the time, this person will be the building principal that you would be directly working for, but could be a superintendent, athletic director, or curriculum director depending on the type of   position you are interviewing for.Small Panel – This interview is conducted with two or three individuals that may include the principal, athletic director, a teacher, and/or superintendent.Committee Panel – This interview is conducted by four or more   individuals formed by a variation of the principal, athletic director, curriculum directors, counselor, teachers, parents, and students.Board of Education Panel – This interview is conducted by the district’s board of education members. Each of these interview panel types may lead into another panel format. For example, after being interviewed by a single panel, you may be called back for a subsequent interview with a committee panel. The Interview Questions No part of the interview process has the potential to be more diverse than the set of questions that can be thrown at you. There are basic questions that most interviewers may ask, but there are so many potential questions that can be posed that it is likely that no two interviews will be conducted the same way. Another factor that plays into the equation is that some interviewers choose to conduct their interview from a script. Others may have a beginning question and then like to be more informal with their questioning letting the flow of the interview lead from one question to another. The bottom line is that you will probably be asked a question during an interview in which you had not thought about. The Interview Mood The mood of the interview is often dictated by the person conducting the interview. Some interviewers are rigid with their questioning making it more difficult on the candidate to show much personality. This is sometimes done intentionally by the interviewer to see how the candidate responds. Other interviewers like to put a candidate at ease by cracking a joke or opening with a light-hearted question meant to help you relax. In either case, it is up to you to adjust to either style and to represent who you are and what you can bring to that particular school. After the Interview Once you have completed the interview, there is still a little more work to do. Send a short follow up email or note simply letting them know that you appreciated the opportunity and enjoyed meeting them. Although you do not want to harass the interviewer, it does show just how much you are interested. From that point all you can do is wait patiently. Remember that they likely have other candidates, and they may still be interviewing for some time. Some schools will give you a courtesy call to let you know that they have decided to go with someone else. This can come in the form of a phone call, a letter, or an email. Other schools will not provide you with this courtesy. If after three weeks, you have not heard anything, then you may call and ask if the position has been filled.

Week 11 IND WORK Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 11 IND WORK - Research Paper Example Usually it is the responsibility of the legal assistants (paralegals). Basic sections of the trial note book for this case is as follows; In this case, Joseph Delgado is the plaintiff who raised the claim against the BioMed Pharmaceutical, Inc. Plaintiff works as a certified public accountant in the BioMed Pharmaceutical, Inc. Plaintiff’s attorney for trial is Laura Broke. Her address is Popson, Pierce, Rueber, and Burke Attorneys at Law 5293 St. Clair Avenue Montgomery, Alabama 36101 (205) 725-8788 [facsimile number]. The document of the trial includes the facts which shows that both the companies i.e. Rawlings Maintenance Cooperation and diversified Security Solutions are the close friends of the defendant company. Characters includes in this case are; Joseph Delgado the plaintiff, defendant pharmaceutical company, Rawlings Maintenance Cooperation and diversified Security Solutions (supporter of the defendant), plaintiff witnesses Carl Logia, Maria Mendez and some others. As in this, the accident is not caused by the negligence of our client but it was an accident that was caused by the negligence of the security and maintenance companies. Therefore because of the convincing claim of our client would be deemed by the

Meritocracy Rule by the best Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Meritocracy Rule by the best - Essay Example A vision to build a strong nation is attributed chiefly to the politicians, who, by means of their powers direct and formulate regulations. Therefore, political powers should also be provided on the basis of merit like other positions in diverse organizations. This is the most imperative aspect as rule by the people i.e. the Democracy generates disarray of thoughts and leaves little room for desired accomplishments. According to Plato individuals are categorized as- Producers- encompassing individuals who are governed by their cravings and are inspired to acquire materialistic comforts. This category is attributed to the individuals who are involved in banking services, trades, general practitioners or businessman and therefore they possess slightest political supremacy. Second category involves Auxiliaries- encompassing individuals who are governed by aspiration, faithfulness, principle, respect and bravery, individuals with such temperament join police or military. On the other hand, the third category encompasses- Guardians- these individuals are governed by the reason to formulate policies and laws. These individuals decide the course of the society. Essentially, Guardians should be intellectuals with farsightedness and an insight to think beyond the persisting issues. They are required to possess an understanding that generates empathy and provide means for the happiness of everyone. This category should actually belong to those who are selfless and not selfish. They need to be the Philosophers, to exist and provide modestly in support of the nation. These individuals should ideally work with least remunerations and should be truly devoted towards their duties for the wellbeing of the nation. For all intents and purposes, there has to be a criterion where it should be mandatory that those who are willing to serve the nation in real sense should come

The Indian Entertainment and Media industry Essay

The Indian Entertainment and Media industry - Essay Example The year 2006 has reported to be proved one of the most successful years for the Indian Film Industry as not local audience responded to the industry but also the foreign markets were more responsive to the new movies too. It was because of this reason that the industry has been able to witness consolidation through formation of formal companies as well as new firms entering into the market. Similarly the television channels in the country are getting mushroomed too as more and more niches are being developed to cater the various segments of the market. Apart from that the increased digitalization has allowed Indian T.V. Channels allowed them to deliver customized contents to their audience. Similarly the radio industry has evolved too with more and more FM stations are being started to again cater the various market segments. The above situation suggests a strong performance and expectations from the Indian Media industry and its capability to deliver. This work will undertake a det ailed SWOT analysis as well as PESTL analysis in order to explore further the industry. A good SWOT analysis would outline that the organization aiming to enter into certain sector should have the capabilities to exploit the strengths of the industry as well as utilize its strengths to overcome its weaknesses also. Similarly Opportunities must be fully utilized to cater to the threats which the industry is facing. 1) Media industry in India is one of the most booming industries in the economy having large customer base. All the segments of the industry including TV, Films and radio have the large customer base to cater to. Any company willing to penetrate into the market will not have to divert their resources in the development of the market as the readily available market is readily available.

Capital Market Development Behavior Share Price In Nepal Finance Essay

Capital Market Development Behavior Share Price In Nepal Finance Essay The title itself justify the importance of the research for the finance degree, however, the previous research done in this filed in Nepal is not satisfactory. This is the reason that made researcher to do some research in this topic hoping the conclusion made would be beneficial for investors and fill the gap between the researches. Financial markets can also be defined as the centers or arrangements that provide facilities for buying and selling of financial claims and services. And the role of financial system in economic development has been a much-discussed topic among economists. Financial markets perform four important economic functions. First, they enable individuals to choose more effectively between current and future consumption. Borrowing enables individual to consume more, whereas leading enable them to postpone consumption. The economic units that have a surplus (investors) invest in those that have deficit (borrowers). This provides capital to companies in excess of those generated out to business income. Second, the interaction between buyers and sellers in a financial market determines the price of the assets, or alternatively, the return demanded by investors to invest in the company. Firms can raise further capital if the return on their investments exceeds the return demanded by investors. Third, financial markets provide liquidity to investors. That is, the owner of the financial asset can sell off the asset in the marketplace to realize cash whenever required. The degree of liquidity may vary from asset to asset and market to market. Fourth, financial markets can discipline under-performing managements. The prevailing stock price of a company reflects the opinion of all market participants regarding the outlook for the company under the current management. The financial market consists of two division- money market and capital market. The money market is basically entitled to supply finance on short-term basis to individuals, businesses, enterprises, government and their agencies. The capital market, on the other hand, provides finance on medium to long-term basis to corporate bodies, government and their agencies (Al-Faki, 2006). Capital Market plays a crucial role in any modern economy as they allow investors fund to flow to the most promising opportunities, i.e., the funds are mobilized and channeled efficiently from savers to the users of funds Developing more complete and deeper capital market would enhance a countries growth potential and innovation (Andritzky, 2007). The forces of globalization, technology, new forms of competition have noticeably transformed capital market worldwide (Hassan, 2004). Money market may be defined as short-term financial assets market, which facilitates liquidity and marketability securities. Actually it is the market for short-term market instrument having less than one-year maturity period. The fluctuation of money market interest rates reflects the demand and supply of funds in competitive market. The development of an efficient money market requires the development of institutions, instruments, and operating procedures that facilitate widening and deepening of the market and allocation of shot-term resources with minimum transaction costs and minimum of delays. Thus, the money markets are the markets for short -term, highly liquid debt securities. Capital markets provide an effective way of procuring long-term funds by issuing shares and debentures or bonds for corporate enterprises and government and at the same time provide an investment opportunity for individuals and institutions (Adhikari 2004). Thus, the market place for these financial securities is called securities market which is further subdivided into the primary and secondary market. The former market denotes the market for newly issued securities to the public whereas the latter market refers to the market for secondhand securities, traded previously in the primary market . Capital market plays a vital role in the national economy. It renders very valuable services to the community by increasing the productive capacity of the country there by accelerating the ace of economic development. In short, the growth of economy is tied with the growth of capital market in the country. Capital market facilitates the allocation of funds between saver and borrowers. This allocation will be optimum if the capital market has efficient pricing mechanism. If the capital market is efficient, the current share prices of companies fully reflect available information and there is no question of share price being under- priced and over-priced. The phenomenon of under or over-valuation of shares is possible only in an inefficient capital market. As the capital market is concerned with long- term finance, in the widest sense it consists of series of channels through which the saving of the community are made available for industrial and commercial enterprise and public authorities. It is mainly concerned with those private savings, individuals as well as corporate; those are turned into investments through new capital issues and also new public loans floated by government and semi government bodies. In the capital market demand comes from agriculture, industry trade and government while supply comes from the individual or corporate savings, intuitional investors and surplus of governments. It comprises the savers- individuals and institutions and bodies through which these savings are mobilized. The saving instructions like banks, investment companies specialized financial corporations and stock exchange are some of the important constituents of capital market. An efficient capital market is an essential pre-requisite of economic development and the development of capital market in a country is dependent upon the availability of savings, proper organization of intermediary institutions to bring the investors and business ability together for mutual interest, regulation of investment etc. In an efficient capital market, liquid will channel quickly and accurately where it will do the community best. Such efficient market provides ready financing for worthwhile business ventures and drain capital away form corporations, which are poorly managed, or producing obsolete products. It is essential that a country should have efficient capital markets if that country is to enjoy highest possible level of wealth, welfare and education for its population (Bhalla, 1997, cited by Dangol 2008). Growth of industrial enterprise in a country is limited by the availability of savings. A well-developed capital market presumes the existence of not only the investors individual and institutional, but more significantly the existence of a network of specialized institutions and agencies, which are always on the look out for investment in new ventures. Purpose and Scope Development of capital is must for a sound industrial development of the country like Nepal where more than 85% of capital is raised from stock market. Stock Market are the catalyst for enchancing the operations of the entire domestic financial system and the Capital Market in particular (Kenny and Mosh 1998 cited by Obiakor and Okwu (2011). Capital market institutions help to mobilize the surplus unit to deficit unit for productive investments. As it mobilize the scattered resources and channels them in productive sector. It is an effective instrument of expanding productive capacities of the country. In Nepal, unfortunately, despite a history of half decade of planned economics activities to develop real sector of a country, little attention was paid to the development of financial sector. Over the past one and half decade financial sector, despite many problems, has developed significantly in Nepal. The growth of stock market is remained satisfactory because of low priority in the government financial reform policies. Stock Exchange in many countries has a long history of more than one century. For e.g. the India stock market has a history of more than 130 years. The stock exchange of Nepal has not so long history and it has faced so many ups and downs during this short history. However, gradual improvement in infrastructure and policy has given strong fundamental base for the Nepalese Capital Market. Establishment of NEPSE has given an opportunity to investors to invest in the enterprise sector and participate in the secondary market. Behavior of the stock prices shows the misevaluation of the stock price in the secondary market. The price earning information was not made available timely to the investors. The investors could not identify the good and bad stocks. So, the lack of value judgment to determine the stock price is the serious problem of the Nepalese stock market. This happens due to the inability of the regularity bodies of the stock market to regulate the market mechanism and failure to win the faith of the investors In the Nepalese context, there is the lack of wider investment opportunities, which provide good return. So, there has still been a huge amount of unutilized saving funds with public. But most of the public investors i. e. existing and potential are not well knowledgeable about the real financial strength and weakness of the public companies in which they are investing or going to invest their funds. Further they cannot well analyze and interpret the real financial position of a company on the basis of available data and information to reach the right conclusion. This study may help investors to think about restructuring their investment portfolio. Similarly potential investors may take better timely investment decision on the basis of the findings of the study. Capital market provides investors good investment opportunity with fair return and instant liquidity with minimum risk of loss it helps to mobilize financial resources for the investment in development project and thereby helps economic development of the country. The stock market also imparts liquidity to the securities holder. This offers an opportunity for investors to invest in long term venture, while market also enables to convert their securities into liquid cash before the maturity of the project. Furthermore they can invest their current income against their future income thereby achieve their time preference of consumption. The liquid market also promotes the primary issuances of share because investors participated in the issuance of share markets can get back the fund easily. The primary market is positively and highly elastic with the stock price and liquidity in the secondary markets. Usually the price of common stock in primary market is par value but in secondary market may be any price i.e. more than par value, less than par value and equal to par value. Stock price in secondary market is the main issue of this study. What could be the reasonable price paid for a stock in secondary market? What is the impact of the price trend, volume of stock traded and, Do the investors see the price trend, volume of stock traded and, others views while making investment decision? These are the burning issues regarding stock price determination of secondary market in Nepal. Capital market provides investors good investment opportunities with fair return and instant liquidity with minimum risk of loss. The stock market also imports liquidity to the security holders. Research Aims, Questions and Hypothesis The dissertation tries to help to create the importance of capital market and movement of share price. Efficient Market hypothesis assumes that investors behave on the same way as they get information from the market. To do justice with the study following aims and questions have been set as the predetermined requisition. Research Aims The aim of this research is to find out whether developed Capital Market brings any significant changes in share price and thereafter effect in NEPSE index. Research Questions What are the present state and status and elements that affect NEPSE index? Does developed Nepalese Capital Market follows the price behavior theories? Can financial literacy helps to create developed Capital Market? Research Hypothesis The dissertation formulates the following testable statement: H0: Capital Market has not developed in Nepal H0: There is no difference between NEPSE index before and after signaling factor H0: The successive or lagged price changes are independent Research Objectives The prime objective of the study is to analyze the movement of stock market and the effect of share price of sampled companies. However, the specific objectives of the study are as follows: To analyze the development /growth of Nepalese Capital Market and to examine if investors awareness help to develop capital market. To examine sector wise overall movement of NEPSE Sensitive index to find out risky sector To analyze the signaling factors and impact on stock price with the help of NEPSE index To analyze price behavior theories based on estimated multiple regression analysis and run test. Title Capital Market Development and the behavior if Share Price in Nepal Research Gap Although some very valuable researches in the field of Capital Market have been done so far, there is still a great deal of opportunity remained for researchers in the field in this area to explore and identity new facts and figures about the immature stock market of Nepal. This study will analyze the stock price determinants of common stock in secondary market of Nepal. Usually the price of common stock in primary market is par value but in secondary market it may be in any price. The price of common stock is largely influenced by different market related factors. Most of the studies on share price behavior conducted in the context of Nepal were based on secondary sources of information only. No study has been conducted on price fluctuation of stock price by using share brokers and individual investors as primary sources of information. There was a need to conduct a survey with the share brokers and individual investors who are the major stakeholders of the stock market, in order to find out more subjective facts on share price behavior, which cannot be testes through the use of the primary source of information. The earlier studies were done only in theoretical manner regardless of what the real market is going through while this study is analyzing the real market scenario like the impact of capital gain in the market or the impact of global recession on the Nepalese Security market. Nowadays, Nepalese share market has entered to the new horizon. Its size and market capitalization are growing day by day. New Bye laws are being established to control stock market price. But it is clearly realized that share prices are fluctuating abnormally. If earning, dividend and net worth are taken as the main determinants of price fluctuating, then why the share prices are increased without the increment in such factors. Therefore there is still lack of appropriate researches to find out the causes of volatility of share price in Nepalese share market. Therefore, this study is analyzing the various reasons on the fluctuation of price trend and the cause and effect of different signaling factors over stock price. In addition to this, it also tends to give some measures that should be taken by related parties to develop the Capital Market. Thus, the earlier studies on share price behavior needed to be updated and validated because of the many changes taking place in the stock market in Nepal. This study is an effort to attempt in the same direction. Chapter 2: Capital Market: Global Perspective Modern capital markets have two related parts: (1) the debt and equity markets that intermediate funds between savers and those that need capital, and (2) the derivatives market that consists of contracts such as options, interest rate, and foreign exchange swaps, typically associated with these underlying debt and equity instruments. The debt and equity markets help allocate capital within an economy. The derivatives market helps investors and borrowers to manage the risks inherent in their portfolios and asset/liability exposures (Dudley Hubbard, 2004) In the United Kingdom and in the United States, both of these parts have grown very rapidly over the past few decades. The capital markets in the United Kingdom and the United States dominate these countries financial systems, in marked contrast to France, Germany, and Japan, where banks are more important. Regardless whether one examines the UK or the US over time, or compares the performance with other developed countries on a cross-sectional basis, the conclusion is unmistakable. Capital markets have been the driving force behind the development of the UK and US financial systems. In the US, the capital markets have become the dominant element of the financial system in three ways. First funds raised in US debt markets now substantially exceed funds raised through the US banking system (McKinsley company, 2011) Second, more 36% of US households owned equity in some form ( The Big Picture, 2012) Third, the derivatives market has grown extraordinarily rapidly. The notional value of derivatives securities outstanding rose to $244 trillion September 2011(Mann,2011) from about $6.7 trillion at year-end 1990. Intrest rate swaps has an estimated of 82.1% of derivatives representating the biggest share of this market 10.6% in foreign exchange rate swaps, 6.1 % in credit derivatives, and 1.2 % are in commodities and equity contracts(Comptroller of Currency Administrator of National Banks, 2012) Figure look at PC Source: The Big Picture, 2012 . The global capital market is gaining depth every day. Along with the development of this market, the liquidity is also growing at a rapid pace. financial stocks are growing worldwide and their growth rate is much higher than that of global gross domestic products (AllianceBernstein,2012)   Capital market represents the securities market where stocks, bonds, and several other derivatives are traded, and both long and short-term debts are raised here. This market provides companies, as well as governments with necessary funding, and, simultaneously, grants investors with the opportunity to make regular income (Dodoo,2007).   the size of stock and bond markets around the world in August 2011, shows that global capital market has reached all time high with $ 212 trillion of which about 75% consists of bonds ($175 trillion) and about 25% of stock ($54 trillion) ( McKinsley company, 2011) and the total derivatives has reached to $700 trillion at the end of August 2011(Mann, 2011) The development of the global capital market can also be traced by the fact that the financial holdings of the world is growing quickly. The global stock of debt and equity grew by $11 trillion in 2010 (McKinsley company, 2011) and this amount is expected to cross the $250 trillion mark before the end of 2015 (finance, maps of world, 2012), where as the value of the global market increased by 5% in 2010 to $ 54.9 trillion following a 45% rise in the previous year (Maslakovic, 2011) separate data from SIFMA, puts the US bond market at just under $37 trillion (63.4%) as of the end of 2011 and Bloomberg puts US stocks at about $ 21.4 trillion (36.6%) by the end of April 2012 ( qvmgroup,2012). In these circumstances, the US is playing a vital role in the development of the global capital market and, alone, is the destination of 85% of the net capital flow of the entire globe. Britain also plays a significant role in the market. (McKinsey Company, 2011) Development of capital market Market capitalization of listed companies (% of GDP) Picture lookat PC Source: World Bank 2012 and the Author Capital Market: Asia In the past few decades, Asian countries have experienced a tremendous economic growth, although temporarily interrupted by the Asian financial. Along with the strong economic growth, capital markets in this region have shown a rapid expansion, and have played an increasingly important role in fostering economic development (Hsu, 2000). Hsu further explains, Asian countries have enjoyed abundant savings. Some countries in this region have domestic savings rates of more than 30 percent. In no other regions in the world do countries have such large reservoirs of domestic savings at their disposal. Asians high savings rates have provided the platform for robust capital markets. While Asia has been preoccupied with economic recovery and financial reforms over the past few years, the economic structures of most Asian countries have been gradually modified, and their capital markets are also in the process of transformation. Along with these changes, several key trends are emerging in the regions capital markets. First of all, Asian capital markets are expected to continue to grow and their market capitalization is expected to increase further, as the Asian economy is expected to recover steadily and require increasing capital to meet its investment needs. Also, in some Asian countries, technology-intensive industries have developed rapidly and hence a large sum of capital is needed. The acceleration of privatization programs will also increase market capitalization in this region. The floatation of large state-owned enterprises will generally be the largest new issues on Asias stock markets. In addition, because of easier practices for companies to go public, IPO ¼Ã‹â€ initial public offering ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °issues will flourish and increase market capitalization further. The world of investment is set on a path of rapid change cutting across culture, time and language barriers. We are looking at a new era of deregulation and the standardization of the regulatory environment, together with the introduction of international accounting standards (Takaya, 2000). However there is an argument that asias capital market is no expection to Global markets as it had a risk off 2011. Investors search for safe havens has left Asian market in a muddle state with equity capital volumes slumping to lows not seen since 2009 (Keohane, 2011). Equity Capital market (ECM) in Asia (excluding Japan) have had a dismal fourth quarter so far, rainsing just $22 billion, their worst result since the first quarter of 2009($14 bn) and year to date, ECM volume is down 44 percent from 2010 issuance of $291.1 bn to just 162.4 bn (Keohane, 2011) Picture look at PC Source : Dealogic cited by Keohane, 2011. Capital Market: Nepal Institutional development of securities market in Nepal started from the year 1976 when Securities Exchange Centre (SEC) was established under the companies act with the joint capital contribution of Nepal Rastra Bank Nepal Industrial Development Corporation. The Industrial Policy of the government also encouraged the promotion of securities exchange activities in Nepal. Nepal government under a program initiated to reform capital market converted securities exchange centre into Nepal Stock Exchange (NEPSE) in 1993. NEPSE is non-profit organization, operating under Securities Exchange Act, 1983. Nepalese capital market was given proper structure in June 1993 with the establishment, SEBON as the market regulator. Since its establishment, SEBON has been concentrating its efforts on the legal and statutory frameworks, which are the bases for the healthy development of capital market. SEBON Nepal is the supreme body to regulate the Nepalese securities market (Bhusal 2010, Gurung 2004 and Dangol 2008). As a part of its continuous efforts to build a sound system, the securities exchange act, 1983 was amended for the second time on Jan 30, 1997. This amendment paved the way for establishing SEBON as an apex regulatory body as it widened the horizon of SEBON by bringing Market intermediaries directly under its jurisdiction and also made it mandatory for the corporate bodies to report annually as well as semi annually regarding their performance. After the inception of the Securities Exchange Center, shares of various manufacturing, trading and banking companies became listed. Interestingly, the listed shares were dominated by public enterprises during this stage. Between 1984 and 1990, 42 companies were listed, out of which more than 25 companies had some form of government ownership (Bhusal 2010, Gurung 2004 and Dangol 2008). However, after the democracy the trend has totally changed and the listed number of companies reached at 207 by the end of Fiscal Year (FY) 2010/2011  [1]  , while the government ownership companies had decreased due to the privatization that took place in different planning stage of privatization act. The main objective of SEBON is to promote and protect the interest of investors by regulating the securities market, to monitor and control the entire capital market, sale and distribution of securities and purchase, sale or exchange of securities. SEBON was established with the objective to render contribution to the development of capital markets by making securities transactions fair, healthy, efficient and responsible. Whereas, its main function are to provide licenses to stock exchange and securities business person and to monitor the activities carried by NEPSE to know if they are in accordance with the law or not (SEBON Annual Report 2010/11) Despite this, Nepalese stock market is still underdeveloped and there is lot of shortcomings in Nepalese stock market. Hence, the present study is conducted on Nepalese stock market in order to find out its potential of development, major problems and prospects by using secondary as well as primary data. Karla (2006) defines capital markets as the market which specializes in giving long term loans to the industry. In broad sense capital market incorporates intermediary institutions, capital formation, mobilization anf channeling of long term capital, as well as regulatory authorities. ( Obiakor Okwu, (2011). Alile (2007) calrifies that the capital market is made up of markets and institutions which facilitate the issuance and secondary trading of long term financial instruments. Aligning with this, Osaze (2007) simply sees it as the market responsible for long-term-growth capital formation. Ologunde, and Asaolu (2006) conceptualize capital a collection of financial institutions set up for the granting of medium and long-term. Further, they considered the stock market as single nor even a dual market but rather a network of specialized financial institutions which, in various ways, help to bring together suppliers and users of long-term capital fund. The capital market is one of the most vital areas of the economy as it provides companies access to capital, and investors with a slice of ownership in the company and the potential of gains based on the companys future performance( Ujunma Modebe,2012), The capital market is unique in a countrys financial system because of its peculiar role in the economy. Levine(1991) cited by (Ujunma Modebe,2012) identified these roles as: raising capital for business, mobilizing savings for investment, facilitating companys growth, redistribution of wealth, promotion of corporate govemance, creating investment opportunities for small investors, government capital raising avenue for development projects and being a barometer of the economy. Improving the efficiency of the capital market has become a recognized means of meeting national objectives such as etihancing productivify and competitiveness, reducing local environmental costs associated with capital market transactions, promoting savings and investment on economic wide basis (Mark, 2011). At intemational level, it is considered a key element of sfrategy to mitigate the risk of capital flight associated with lack of intemational investors confidence in the market. In this context, improving capital market efficiency in the developing and transitionhig countries is particularly important because these countries exhibit considerable potential for such improvement and, in the case of the developing countries, since they will contribute increasingly to the fiiture of the capital market as their economies grow (Ujunwa and Salami, 2010). On the other hand, The capital market is a collection of financial institutions set up for the mobilization and utilization of long-te rm ftmds for developing the long-term end of the financial system (Ologunge; Elumilade and Asaolu, 2006). In this market, lenders (investors) provide long-term funds in exchange for long-term fmancial assets offered by issuers. The market is an important institution for capitalist countries because it encourages investment in corporate securities, providing capital for new businesses and income for investors (Ujunwa, 2008). Capital Market Development Indicator There has been numerous research regarding to measure capital market development. Most of these research tried to like with economic development. Yet there is not any standardize indicator to do so. A study by Applegarth (2004) on levels of capital market development and economic growth in Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa shows that capital markets in Asia which continued to add several hundred companies to their exchanges annually experience sizeable increase in the momentum of private sector development, while the reverse was the situation in Sub-Saharan Africa that added fewer than 10 to their exchanges, except South Africa. Thus, using private sector development, liquidity. local savings, bank competition, remittances, corporate govemance, and enhanced economic policy as capital market development indicators, he showed that capital market development drives economic growth. Adeyemi (2009), using gross capital formation and number of quoted companies as measures of capital market development, found that capital market development has positive significant impact on economic growth. Basically, a more reliable measure of the relationship would need inclusion of appropriate stock market development indicators since, according to Obiakor Okwu (2011). on their study they included other indicator than mentioned above such as gross domestic product, value of shares traded, market capitalization, gross capital formation, and foreign private investment in the functional relationship. Udegbunam (2002), in an attempt to estimate the impact of openness to trade and stock market development on industrial growth in Nigeria for the period 1970-1997, related industrial output growth to openness to world trade, stock market development and a set of control variables in a simple model he adapted from the stock market and economic growth model formulated independently by various previous researchers done during 1995 and 1996. Udegbunams empirical evidence strongly suggests that openness to world trade and stock market development are among the key determinants of industrial output growth in developing economy. By implication, this translates to economic growth via sustained increases in GDP. However, he identifies other important factors as human capital input, non-military expenditure, and inflation. The variables included in his model were industrial output, stock market capitalization- GDP ratio. Non-military expenditure-GDP ratio, school enrolment, inflation rate, ma

The Lord Of The Rings :: essays research papers

The Lord Of The Rings My favorite character in this book would have to be Legolas. He was the best elf with a bow and arrow, and his skill with a blade was unmatched. A prince of the Elven Kingdom of Mirkwood, he has keen eyesight and sharp ears, a characteristic of his race. Though the fellowship that set forth from Rivendell has dwindled to but three, still the friendship that binds these three holds strong. Legolas, Aragorn, and Gimli hold to each other through hardships and peril, in spite of their differences. As we consider the Lord of the Rings, we need to think of the characters who make up what was called the â€Å"fellowship.† Nine were the number that made up this group, but they were not all what we would call men. Four were called Hobbits, little people that might also to some be called leprechauns. These were folks that lived in open meadows under the roots of trees or perhaps dug their homes out of the sides of banks alongside the roads. Their homes were not caves, but were elaborate dwellings that could rival the homes of many of the people who we meet today. The one thing we could truly say about the Hobbits is the fact that they loved life and celebrated it to the fullest. One example of this is the birthday celebration of Bilbo Baggins. Even though it was just a birthday party, there was fireworks, dancing, and enough grog to make a Hobbit’s head spin. There was even a cake that rivaled the size of the largest Hobbit. One other peculiar item I would like to inse rt at this time was the fact that they wore no shoes. To me it is no big deal to be barefoot, but later on in the story it could have been a problem, but as they were always this way it posed no problems The second group in this fellowship was the group called â€Å"men.† Aragorn and Borimir were the two that made up this group. Aragorn at first was presented as a â€Å"ranger.† Rangers were those, and they did not have to be men, who protected the world. They were those who preferred to spend their lives alone, wandering the earth. It was only later on that we find out that he was the son of a king, a king who had disgraced himself years before, and showed himself to be a loyal friend and protector of the one who bore â€Å"the ring.

An Insight Into Prophecy: Infallibility Essay

Plato once remarked that a community could produce its ideal leader and guide by handpicking a select few and exposing them to an intricate balance of gymnastics and classical music. Apart from the emasculating effect of such a course of action, it no doubt falls short of the prophetic paradigm. Prophets are an important vehicle by which Allah (swt) guides mankind; their task is to convey God’s will and provide an example worthy of emulation. Yet, in order to be emulated they must themselves be of an impeccable character. In this brief article, I shall approach the topic of prophethood from the gateway of infallibility and attempt to assess, through a discussion of the purpose of prophethood, why infallibility is required. In order for the discussion of infallibility to be a fruitful one, it would seem most appropriate to begin by shedding light upon the institution of prophethood. The religions of the world have venerated those that they consider to be prophets. These charismatic figures have led communities and shaped subsequent history. Such influence and prestige appears to derive from their common claim; that they are divinely inspired. Their popular appeal thus stems form the fact that they represent one of the many ways by which God manifests His immanence; that God is closer to us than our jugular veins.1 Yet, beyond this link with the divine, religions have differed, in some respects, regarding prophethood. Prophets, as characterised by Judaism, the first of the three Abrahamic faiths, were people who felt very deeply. They were devastated by the suffering of those that were oppressed. Having great resonance with the life of our final messenger, Muhammad (s.a.w), the Jewish prophets tended to have three main phases to their lives; contemplative seclusion, scathing criticism of the status quo and finally the provision of a means to salvation. And yet, when reading the Old Testament, it becomes very much apparent that the prophets were not of an impeccable character; they appear fallible and at times guilty of serious sin. The Genesis account of Jacob tricking his father Isaac is a particular case to note.2 Another conspicuous difference is that of ethnicity. Israel was Yahweh’s chosen nation, and as such, prophets, divine favours, were sent to guide them. In contrast, the Islamic prophetology is a universal one; it recognises both that â€Å"to every nation is a guide†3 and that Muhammad (s.a.w), the seal of prophethood, was sent as a â€Å"mercy to all the world.†4 In Christianity can be seen an even greater departure from Islam’s prophetology. Here, prophetology becomes theology in the act of deifying Christ. As a footing, aiding our understanding of the alternate prophetologies of these two faiths, we may compare what have been taken to be the respective symbols of Christianity and Islam; the cross and the crescent. Placing aside the inherent defects of redemption, original sin and the act of deifying Christ, it would seem that the cross, in Christianity, represents the one, single and unique redemptive transection between the transcendent and immanent God; the Father’s horizontal loftiness is brought to earth by Jesus’ vertical sacrifice. On the other hand, the crescent, suggestive of cyclicity and renewal, is an apt symbol of Islam’s prophetology; seeing successive prophets as one of a chain of 124,000 guides sent by the Almighty. As one is extinguished, another is born. The Islamic prophetology is conceptually simple. Islam views all prophets as having a common aim; preaching the message of monotheism. In the Qur’an, great stress is laid upon the figure of Abraham (a.s.) He is given due respect as the great patriarch; father to the line of Isaac (a.s) and Ishmael (a.s), and as such represents an ideal, that of Islam, from which Rabbinical Judaism and Pauline Christianity departed: Abraham was not a Jew nor a Christian but he was an upright man (hanif), a Muslim, and not one of the polytheists5 Along the model set by Abraham, famously known to be the slayer of idols, a line of great prophets descended. The story of Yusuf (a.s), Abraham’s great-grandson, referred to in the Qur’an as ‘the best of narratives’,6 provides us with a glowing example of how tawhid manifests itself in a believer; Yusuf (a.s), even in times of great tribulation had firm tawakkul, absolute trust in Allah. Even in jail he did not lose sight of his mission. Indeed, when asked by his two jail-mates to interpret their dreams, he ceases the opportunity to begin preaching to them, in wonderfully eloquent prose, of God’s oneness, and their ultimate accountability before Him.7 In spite of such archetypes, the children of Israel on many occasion defied their prophets. The Qur’an gives many an example of such defiance and the resulting divine retribution. The end product was that Rabbinical Judaism became fraught with legalism, and the spirit of faith began to fade. This was to contrast with the esoteric teachings of Moses (a.s), to whom the burning bush spake.8 The Qur’an also presents Jesus (a.s) as a worthy apostle who vehemently denies claims that he is God. The very first words of the Qur’anic Jesus (a.s), uttered in the cradle to defend his mother from charges of unchastity, form both a rebuttal to Pauline Christianity and concisely capture the Islamic prophetology: Surely I am a servant of Allah; He has given me the book and made me a prophet.9 Hence, in Islam, a prophet is simply a messenger of God sent to guide his people to the right path. The practical side of prophecy is that of responsibility; a responsibility by the people to follow the prophet. Regarding the final and most honoured of the prophets, Muhammad (s.a.w) the Qur’an says: Take what the Messenger gives to you, and refrain from what he prohibits you.10 It is from this platform that we may make the relatively straightforward leap to infallibility. Many arguments, both rational and scriptural, abound regarding the infallibility of the prophets. One of the most convincing is the argument that builds upon our responsibility towards prophets, as noted, and the subsequent paradox of following an errant prophet. M.R Muzaffar elaborates upon this argument: The reason for the infallibility of a prophet is that if he commits a sin or mistake, or is forgetful or something similar, we have to chose between two alternatives: either we obey his sins and mistakes, in which case, in the view of Islam, we do wrong, or we must not obey the his sins and mistakes, which too is wrong, because this is contrary to the idea of prophethood where obedience is necessary; besides, if everything he says or does has the possibility of being either right or wrong, then it is impossible for us to follow him. The result is that the benefit of his mission is lost; it becomes unnecessary, and the prophet becomes like ordinary people whose acts and speech do not have the excellent worth that we seek, with the result that there will be no obedience and his actions will be unreliable.11 ‘Allamah Hilli (d.1325), the twelver Shi’ite theologian of the Il-Khanid period, cites another key rational, aqli, proof for infallibility. He points to the argument ad infinitum; if the guardian is not infallible, then we are left with the indefinite question of who guards the guardian?12 Having provided but a taster to the arguments in favour of infallibility, one needs clarify what exactly we take it to mean. Muslim theologians have united doctrinally in favour of prophetic infallibility, and yet differences are noticeable in both its extend and its duration. Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (d.1209), a Shafi’i jurist and theologian of the Ash’ari School, claims that infallibility occurs only in the domains of belief, transmission of the divine message and religious judgement. This however, appears to severely limit the extent of authority accorded to the prophet, who is the example par excellence in all domains. Though al-Razi claims that the Sunni Ash’arites had agreed upon this, it appears that al-Baqillani (d10.13), another Ash’arite theologian, believed that the ‘infallible’ may commit unintentional errors in the transmission of the message to mankind. The flaws of such a view are clear. ‘Allama Hilli, whose views remain those of orthodox twelver Shi’ism to this day, provides a watertight definition of ‘isma, infallibility. He begins by explaining that infallibility does not itself negate the prophet’s ability to commit sin;13 avoiding sin is an active choice. This is in contrast to the determininstic understanding prevalent amongst the Ash’arites. Further, he stipulates that the infallible must neither commit grave or minor sins, in any domain, either before or after his mission commences.14 He reasons that a person who becomes inerrant upon being made a prophet will not have acquired the necessary respect from his people. Only a person that has been of exemplary character throughout his life can take on such a great responsibility as that of prophethood. In sum, one may say, rather schematically, that prophetic infallibility is denied within the confines of Judaism, extended to that of a deity in Christianity, and defined downwards by orthodox Sunnism. And yet, upon reflection, it would appear that prophecy is a great burden. Indeed, the Qur’anic revelation is described as a ‘heavy word’15 that is sent down upon the Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w). It is only with impeccable character, fortitude and resilience that the prophets were able to welcome such a burden, and live up to the responsibility of guiding mankind. Such character can only be adequately captured in an understanding of infallibility that does not seek to atomise, either temporally or spatially, the lives of the prophets; inerrancy most truly encompasses all domains and periods of the life of a prophet. 1 Holy Qur’an 50:16. 2 Genesis 25-28. The Genesis account speaks of Jacob having an elder brother by the name of Esau. Isaac had intended to bless his elder son before he died, but Jacob, aided by his mother Rebekah sought to trick Isaac into giving Esau’s birthright to Jacob. 3 Holy Qur’an 13:7. 4 Holy Qur’an 21:107. 5 Holy Qur’an 3:67. 6 Holy Qur’an 12:3. 7 Holy Qur’an 12:36-42. 8 Holy Qur’an 20:9-14. 9 Holy Qur’an 20:33 10 Holy Qur’an 59:7. 11 Shomali, S.A. Shi’i Islam, ICAS (2002) (unpublished manuscript), p67. 12 ‘Allamah Hilli, al-Bab al-Hadi ‘Ashr, commentary by Miqdad ibn ‘Abd Allah al-Siyuri, Mashad (1989), p41. 13 Tusi, Nasir al Din, Kashf al Murad fi Sharh Tajrid al-I’tiqad, commentary by ‘Allamah Hilli, Beirut (1990), pp.341-342. 14 Op.cit. Al-Hilli, p124. 15 Holy Qur’an 73:5

Il y a - French Pronunciation and Meaning

Il y a - French Pronunciation and Meaning Expression: Il y aPronunciation: [ee lya]Meaning: there is, there areLiteral translation: it has thereRegister: normal How to Use Il y a in French Notes: The French expression il y a, which can mean there is or there are, is one of the most important expressions in the French language. It is most commonly followed by an indefinite article noun, a number noun, or an indefinite pronoun. Il y a un chaton dans cette tasse.Theres a kitten in this cup.Il y a des enfants l-bas.There are some kids over there.Il y a deux choses faire.There are two things to do.Il y a quelquun la porte.Theres someone at the door.Il y a may be followed by a period of time to mean ago (not to be confused with depuis):Jai vu le film il y a trois semaines.I saw the movie three weeks ago.Il y a 2 ans que nous sommes partis.We left two years ago.To ask a question with il y a, you can either use est-ce que or inversion.Est-ce quil y a un chaton ?Is there a kitten?Est-ce quil y a des enfants ?Are there any kids ?For inversion, place y first, then invert il and a and place -t- between them (why?):Y a-t-il un chaton ?Is there a kitten?Y a-t-il des enfants ?Are there any kids? Il y a can also be used with interrogative words: Pourquoi est-ce quil y a un chat dans mon lit  ?Why is there a cat in my bed?Combien denfants y a-t-il ?How many kids are there?Quest-ce quil y a  ? and Quy a-t-il  ?  mean Whats wrong? Note:  The only correct inversion spelling is y a-t-il, with exactly two hyphens and no apostrophes. Please avoid y-a-t-il, y-a-til , y a-til , y a-til, y a til, etc. To use il y a in a negative construction, place n (why not ne?) in front of y and pas after a. Remember that the indefinite article must change to de due to the negative construction: Il ny a pas de chaton dans cette tasse.There is no kitten in that cup.Il ny a pas denfants l-bas.There arent any kids over there. Il y a is made up of three words1) il - the subject it2) y - the adverbial pronoun there3) a - the third person singular present tense of avoir - to have To use il y a in another tense, simply conjugate avoir into that tense:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Il y avait un chaton...There was a kitten...Il y aura des chatons...There will be some kittens...Il ny a pas eu de chaton...There was no kitten...

David M Buss essays

David M Buss essays His main area of study has been human desires, what people want when they are looking for a husband or wife. To research this, he surveyed over ten thousand people in thirty-seven cultures on six continents. What his findings show is that men tend to choose mates more on physical attractiveness and youth. While women seek men with more financial power. Now this may come as no surprise to us in America, because men here have always wanted women who were more physically attractive, and women have always wanted to marry a rich man, like a doctor or a lawyer. What Buss found out is that it is also similar in other cultures. How a mans wealth is determined may vary, but the mans desirability is the same. From his studies and what he has gathered from past information, he has put together a good theory that explains why we have our preferences for a mate the way we do. It dates back to our ancestors, some of the first humans. The main goal for them was to survive. To do this men wanted to have as many children as they could. Women wanted men who could protect them. For them the mans wealth was measured by his social status, strength, and ability to fight (to protect themselves). From generation to generation these traits were inherited, written deep down in our subconscious. The characteristics men look for in women are: skin tone, symmetry in the face, clear skin (acne can be a pre-indicator of high testosterone levels, which could mean they may have ovarian dysfunction), and a low hip-to-waist ratio. This ratio is the 36-24-36 measurements. This certain hip to waist ratio is a strong indicator that the woman is more fertile, and thus able to have more children. The reason men want younger women as their choice for mates is that because theyre younger, once again they can produce more children. Of course now theyre not as interested in having a large family, but the ...

Film Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Film Analysis - Essay Example r who is not convinced of the boy’s guilt and how he combines a mixture of persuasion and indictment to change the 11-1 voting position of the jury against the defendant to a unanimous verdict of not guilty. An uneducated, Puerto Rican adolescent is on trial for murdering his father with a switchblade. The jury of 12 all white, all male, mostly middle class men retire to the chamber for their deliberations. Only one juror has a dissenting vote of not guilty. At first the others are impatient to get it over with, but the lone juror slowly and persistently forces the other members to re-examine the shaky evidence against the defendant and the unreliable eye witness testimony. He also points out that the court appointed attorney had not tried to serve his client’s best interests and had further compromised the defendant’s case. On this basis, heated exchanges and discussions take place between the other members of the jury, revealing deep rooted prejudices and biases. The arguments bounce back and forth, anger and uncomfortable feelings are unleashed in that closed room, but the outcome is that the existence of a reasonable doubt of the accused’s guilt is acknowledged by all the jury members and the boy is exonerated. The pragmatic approach takes into account the paradoxes between the overt, verbal communication and the interpretation by the listener of the language that is used, as a reflection of the true intentions of the speaker which may be different from the actual verbal message being conveyed. This process of meta communication that goes on at a different level from the outward conventional one and therefore can sometimes result in miscommunication. Bateson reframed psychotherapy based on a horizontal approach that examined an individual’s relationships with those around him rather than focusing on Freud’s intensive vertical approach that stressed the process going on within the individual. This horizontal approach was directed towards the study

Managing People Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Managing People - Essay Example This capital was calculated as the cost of acquiring those skills through education, apprenticeship, and maintenance during this acquisition period. These represented a fixed cost akin to other fixed costs. This too repays itself by way of profits as does a machine. This productive power of labour is again dependant on the division of labour as different skills are involved and each individual possesses a variety of them. The agility and nimbleness employed by the labour results in improved production and is his contribution towards profitability. Thus human capital was seen as skills, dexterity, and judgment combined. This concept has remained intact over two centuries and it has become central to most organizations as the most important ingredient. The Human Resources division has assumed greater significance in comparison with other areas. In the present day service oriented economies where a large part of GDP consists of services instead of manufacturing Managing People is of paramount importance. All companies irrespective of their size have Human Relation Departments (HRD). It is the function of this department to hire appropriately qualified people for working n various departments of the company. Qualifications are defined according to their usefulness for the company and often experienced people are preferred over others. A successful HRD exercise just begins with the hiring as it now extends to laying down policies for the individual and groups of employees and periodically evaluating performances. Of late it has been realized that just orientation of the employee in their jobs ror environment is not enough and some training both at the intial stage as well as later for upgrading is equally important for the organization. Organizations keep evolving. In order to survive the continuous onslaught of competition and innovations, a company has to keep changing its strategies to for keeping itself on track in working